Islam Acheivements
Astronomy, Baghdad, Calligraphy, Chess, Art, Banking, Irrigation/underground wells, Bookmaking/Literature, Mathematics, Medicine, Pharmacies, Music, Polo, Scholarship/Learning, Libraries, and Zoology , are all some examples of the Islam Achievements.
Mathematics
I believe that Mathematics has the biggest impact on the world today because Muslims basically introduced Algebra into the world.The 10th Century Persian mathematician Muhammad Al-Karaji worked to extend algebra still further, freeing it from its geometrical heritage, and introduced the theory of algebraic calculus. I use Algebra in my Math class today. Also Mathematics helped us find the missing number or amount that we need to solve problems in life or in school. for fun they made "Magic Boxes" which were grids containing number, horizontally, vertically, and diagonally. Among other things, Al-Karaji used mathematical induction to prove the binomial theorem. A binomial is a simple type of algebraic expression which has just two terms which are operated on only by addition, subtraction, multiplication and positive whole-number exponents, such as (x +y)2. The 9th Century Arab Thabit ibn Qurra, who developed a general formula by which amicable numbers could be derived, re-discovered much later by both Fermat and Descartes.
GreeksScholars who came to the House of Wisdom translated Greek classics in philosophy and Science into Arabic. These scholars helped preserve the Greek classics that might otherwise have been lost or destroyed.
|
RomansThe Romans achieved world fame with their incredible army. The Roman alphabet is what most of us still use today in the western world. We have added a few letters to it, like W, but it is much still the same alphabet used by the Romans.
|
PersiansThe game of Chess was introduced to the Muslim world by the Persians, who had imported it first from India. The game of Polo was introduced to the Muslim world by Persians. Polo is a ball and goal game played on horseback by two teams of four on a grass field with goal posts at either end.
|
King John
The six words that illustrate King John's impact on England in my mind are selfish, unsuccessful, focused, spoiled, favored, and revengeful. John is selfish because he kept on raising the taxes in order to keep only the kingdom wealthy. He is unsuccessful because he unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's royal administrators whilst his brother was participating in the Third Crusade. He is focused because John spent much of the next decade attempting to regain these lands, raising huge revenues, reforming his armed forces and rebuilding continental alliances. John is spoiled because he followed the battle of Bovines, lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century and he never had his power taken away from him. Lastly King John is revengeful because he reformed had a lasting impact on the English common law system, as well as providing an additional source of revenue.
King William
The six words that illustrate King William's impact on England in my mind are threatening, struggling, youthful, able to make decisions, and managing. King William is threatening because in William's final years were marked by difficulties in his continental domains, troubles with his eldest son, and threatened invasions of England by the Danes. King William is struggling because after a long struggle to establish his power, by 1060 his hold on Normandy was secure, and he launched the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The rest of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his continental lands and by difficulties with his eldest son. He is youthful because his illegitimate status and his youth caused some difficulties for him after he succeeded his father, as did the anarchy that plagued the first years of his rule. He is able to make decisions because he made arrangements for the governance of England in early 1067 before returning to Normandy. Several unsuccessful rebellions followed, but by 1075 William's hold on England was mostly secure, allowing him to spend the majority of the rest of his reign on the continent. William the Conqueror is managing because in 1047 William was able to quash a rebellion and begin to establish his authority over the duchy, a process that was not complete until about 1060.
Magna Carta
In 1215, King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta was meant that the king had to obey the law or face revolt and overthrow. The Magna Carta made the Law the supreme power in England. During the Stuart period, and particularly in the English Civil War, the Magna Carta was used to restrain the power of monarchs at a time when monarchs on the continent were supremely powerful. There are strong influences from the Magna Carta in the American Bill of Rights, written in 1791. To this day there is a 1297 copy in the National Archives in Washington DC. In the century after Henry III’s version of the Magna Carta, parliament interpreted the document’s message as a right to a fair trial for all subjects.